General formulas for calculating profit.

Gross profit = revenue - the cost of goods sold or services sold

Profit / loss from sales (sales) = gross profit - costs
*costs in this case - selling and management costs

Profit / loss before tax= sales profit ± operating income and expenses ± non-operating income and expenses.

Net income (loss = revenue - cost of goods - expenses (administrative and commercial) - other expenses - taxes

Forex. Profit/cost calculator.

On Forex and other trading exchanges, profit/loss will be considered the number of points earned/lost, costs - spread and swap.

number of points - the number of points won
number of transactions - the total number of concluded transactions

This calculator uses 4-digit quotes and a fixed lot

For a quick count of points and the number of transactions, we use account monitoring.
For example: a trader made 100 transactions, currency GBPJPY, spread 7 points, working fixed lot - 1, swap about -50$ amount (for all transactions),
there were profitable and unprofitable transactions, as a result, the trader earned 100 points.
we get: income $ 8050, net income $ 950, costs $ 7050, profit to cost ratio 11.88% / 88.13%, that is, the trader gives almost all the profit to the broker!

The trader must draw the appropriate conclusions.
The calculator is designed for a superficial evaluation of transactions. The calculator does not take into account the difference in the price of one pip for different currency pairs (in this example, for the GBPJPY currency pair, the price of one pip with a volume of 1 lot is $12.61, and in the example it is $10). Also, the calculator does not provide the ability to calculate when trading with different volumes and when trading several currency pairs with different spreads. In such cases, you can enter average values, but the calculation error will increase.

Accountants. Four ways to calculate profit.

Nuances of calculation in practice (+ examples):

The same percentage for the entire range

The method of calculating gross income for total turnover is used in the case when a single percentage of the trade markup is applied to all goods. With this option, first set the gross income, and then the markup.

The accountant must apply the formula that is given in the document:

VD \u003d T x PH / 100,

where T is the total turnover; РН - estimated trade markup.

The trade markup is calculated according to a different formula:

PH \u003d TH / (100 + TH).

In this case: TN - trade markup in percent. Turnover is understood as the total amount of revenue.
example :
In LLC Biryusa, the balance of goods at the sale value (balance on account 41) as of July 1 amounted to 12,500 rubles. The trade margin on the balance of goods as of July 1 (balance on account 42) is 3,100 rubles. In July, products were received at the purchase price, excluding VAT, in the amount of 37,000 rubles. According to the order of the head of the organization, the accountant must charge a trade margin of 35 percent for all goods. Its size for goods received in July amounted to 12,950 rubles. (37,000 rubles x 35%). The company received 51,000 rubles from sales in July (including VAT - 7,780 rubles). Selling expenses - 5000 rubles.

Calculate the realized trade margin using the formula РН = ТН / (100 + ТН):

35% / (100 + 35%) = 25,926%.

Gross income will be:

HP = T x PH / 100

51 000 rub. x 25.926% / 100% = 13,222 rubles.

In accounting, you need to make the following entries:

Debit 50 Credit 90-1

- 51,000 rubles. - reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods;

Debit 90-3 Credit 68

- 13,222 rubles - the amount of the trade margin on goods sold was written off;

Debit 90-2 Credit 41

- 51,000 rubles - the sale price of goods sold was written off;

Debit 90-2 Credit 44

- 5000 rubles - written off sales expenses;

Debit 90-9 Credit 99

- 442 rubles. (51,000 rubles - 7,780 rubles - (-13,222 rubles) - 51,000 rubles - 5,000 rubles) - profit from the sale.

Each product has its own percentage

This option is needed for those who have different markups for different groups of goods. The difficulty here is as follows, each of the groups includes products with the same margin, so it is necessary to keep a mandatory record of turnover. Gross income (VD) in this case is determined by the following formula:
HP = (T1 x RH + T2 x RH + ... + Tn x RH) / 100,
where T is the turnover and PH is the estimated trade markup for groups of goods.
example:
The accountant of Biryusa LLC has the following data:
Small shops and stalls usually determine the trade margin by calculation - "manually", since not every one of them can afford expensive software. Back in 1996, Roskomtorg, with its letter dated July 10, 1996 No. 1-794 / 32-5, approved the “Methodological recommendations for accounting and processing operations for receiving, storing and dispensing goods in trade organizations”. In them, the committee proposed several options for calculating the realized trade margin: by total turnover; according to the range of goods turnover; by average percentage; according to the assortment of the rest of the goods. The experts of the Moscow Accountant magazine examined these methods in more detail. The method of calculating gross income for total turnover is used in the case when a single percentage of the trade markup is applied to all goods. With this option, the gross income is first set, and then the margin. The accountant must apply the formula that is given in the document: VD \u003d T x PH / 100, where T is the total turnover; РН - estimated trade markup. The trade markup is calculated according to a different formula: РН = ТН / (100 + ТН). In this case: TN - trade markup in percent. Turnover is understood as the total amount of revenue. Example 1 In Biryusa LLC, the balance of goods at the sale value (balance on account 41) as of July 1 amounted to 12,500 rubles. The trade margin on the balance of goods as of July 1 (balance on account 42) is 3,100 rubles. In July, products were received at the purchase price, excluding VAT, in the amount of 37,000 rubles. According to the order of the head of the organization, the accountant must charge a trade margin of 35 percent for all goods. Its size for goods received in July amounted to 12,950 rubles. (37,000 rubles x 35%). The company received 51,000 rubles from sales in July (including VAT - 7,780 rubles). Selling expenses - 5000 rubles. Calculate the realized trade margin using the formula РН = ТН / (100 + ТН): 35% / (100 + 35%) = 25.926%. Gross income will be equal to: VD \u003d T x PH / 100 51 000 rubles. x 25.926% / 100% = 13,222 rubles. In accounting, the following entries must be made: Debit 50 Credit 90-1 - 51,000 rubles. - reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods; Debit 90-3 Credit 68 - 7780 rubles. - reflected the amount of VAT; Debit 90-2 Credit 42 (reversal) - 13,222 rubles - the amount of the trade margin on goods sold was written off; Debit 90-2 Credit 41 - 51,000 rubles - written off the sale price of goods sold; Debit 90-2 Credit 44 - 5000 rubles - written off sales expenses; Debit 90-9 Credit 99 - 442 rubles. (51,000 rubles - 7,780 rubles - (-13,222 rubles) - 51,000 rubles. - 5000 rubles) - profit from the sale. This option is needed for those who have different markups for different groups of goods. The difficulty here is as follows, each of the groups includes products with the same margin, so it is necessary to keep a mandatory record of turnover. Gross income (VD) in this case is determined by the following formula: VD \u003d (T1 x PH + T2 x PH + ... + Tn x PH) / 100, where T is the turnover and PH is the estimated trade markup for groups of goods. Example 2 The accountant of Biryusa LLC has the following data: The balance of goods on July 1, rub. Goods received at purchase price, rub. Trade margin,% Markup amount, rub. Revenue from the sale of goods, rub. Selling expenses, rub.
Goods of group 1 4600 12 100 39 4719 16 800 3000
Group 2 goods 7900 24 900 26 6474 33 200
Total: 12,500 37,000 11,193 50,000

It is necessary to determine the estimated trade margin for each group of goods:
For group 1, the estimated trade markup will be:
PH \u003d TH / (100 + TH);
39% / (100 + 39) = 28,057%.
For group 2 goods:
PH \u003d TH / (100 + TH);
26% / (100 + 26) = 20,635%.
Gross income (the amount of realized trade margin) will be equal to:
(16,800 rubles x 28.057% + 33,200 rubles x 20.635%) / 100 = 11,564 rubles.
In the accounting of the company, it is necessary to draw up the postings:
Debit 50 Credit 90-1
- 50,000 rubles. - reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods;
Debit 90-3 Credit 68
- 7627 rubles. - reflected the amount of VAT;
Debit 90-2 Credit 42 (reversal)
- 11564 rubles. - the amount of the trade margin related to the goods sold has been written off;
Debit 90-2 Credit 41
- 50,000 rubles. - written off the selling price of goods sold;
Debit 90-2 Credit 44
- 3000 rubles. - written off selling expenses;
Debit 90-9 Credit 99
- 937 rubles. (50,000 rubles - 7,627 rubles - (-11,564 rubles) - 50,000 rubles - 3,000 rubles) - profit from the sale.

The simplest margin

The markup on the average percentage can be applied by any firm that takes into account the goods at selling prices. Gross income by average interest is calculated by the formulas:
IA \u003d (T x P) / 100, where P is the average percentage of gross income, T is the turnover.
The average percentage of gross income will be equal to:
P \u003d (TNn + TNp - TNv) / (T + OK) x 100.
The indicators given in the formula mean the following:
ТНн - trade allowance for the balance of products at the beginning of the reporting period (account balance 42);
TNp - markup on goods received during this time;
TNv - for retired (debit turnover of account 42 "Trade margin" for the reporting period). In this case, disposal is understood as the return of goods to suppliers, write-off of damage, etc.;
OK - balance at the end of the reporting period (account balance 41).
example:
The accountant of Biryusa LLC revealed the balance of goods on July 1 (account balance 41). At a sale price, it amounted to 12,500 rubles. The amount of the trade margin on this balance is 3100 rubles. Within a month, received at the purchase price of goods for 37,000 rubles (excluding VAT). The mark-up charged on products received in July is 12,950 rubles. For the month, income from the sale was received in the amount of 51,000 rubles (including VAT - 7,780 rubles). The balance of goods at the end of the month amounted to 11,450 rubles (12,500 rubles + 37,000 + 12,950 - 51,000). Sales expenses - 5000 rubles.
Calculate the realized trade margin as follows. First, find out the average percentage gross income:
P \u003d (TNn + TNp - TNv) / (T + OK) x 100;
(3100 rubles + 12,950 - 0) / (51,000 + 11,450) x 100% \u003d 25.7%.
The amount of gross income (realized trade margin) will be:
(51,000 rubles x 25.7%) / 100% = 13,107 rubles.
In accounting, you need to make postings:
Debit 50 Credit 90-1
- 51,000 rubles. - reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods;
Debit 90-3 Credit 68
- 7780 rubles. - reflected the amount of VAT;
Debit 90-2 Credit 42 (reversal)
- 13,107 rubles. - the amount of the trade margin on the goods sold has been written off;
Debit 90-2 Credit 41
- 51,000 rubles. - written off the sale price;
Debit 90-2 Credit 44
Debit 90-9 Credit 99
- 327 rubles. (51,000 rubles - 7,780 rubles - (-13,107 rubles) - 51,000 rubles - 5,000 rubles) - profit from the sale (financial result).

Let's count what's left

When calculating gross income, according to the assortment of the balance, the accountant needs data on the amount of the trade margin. To obtain this information, it is necessary to keep records of the accrued and realized surcharge for each item of goods. At the end of each month, an inventory is carried out, determining these amounts.
The calculation of gross income for the assortment of the balance of goods is carried out according to the formula:
VD \u003d (TNn + TNp - TNv) - TNk.
The indicators mean the following:
ТНн - trade markup on the balance of goods at the beginning of the reporting period (balance of account 42 "Trade margin");
TNp - trade markup for products received during the reporting period (credit turnover of account 42 "Trade margin" for the reporting period);
TNv - trade markup for retired goods (debit turnover of account 42 "Trade margin");
TNK - markup on the balance at the end of the reporting period.
example:
The amount of the trade margin relating to the balance of goods on July 1 (balance on account 42) is 3,100 rubles. The accrued allowance for products received in July is 12,950 rubles. For a month, the company gained 51,000 rubles from the sale. The markup on the balance of goods at the end of the month according to the inventory data (balance on account 42) is 2050 rubles. Sales expenses - 5000 rubles. Calculate the realized trade margin:
VD \u003d (TNn + TNp - TNv) - TNk;
(3100 rubles + 12,950 - 0) - 2050 \u003d 14,000 rubles.
In accounting, it is necessary to draw up postings:
Debit 50 Credit 90-1
- 51,000 rubles - reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods;
Debit 90-3 Credit 68
- 7780 rubles. - reflected the amount of VAT;
Debit 90-2 Credit 42 (reversal)
- 14,000 rubles. - the amount of the trade margin on the goods sold has been written off;
Debit 90-2 Credit 41
- 51,000 rubles. - written off the sale price of the sold;
Debit 90-2 Credit 44
- 5000 rubles. - written off selling expenses;
Debit 90-9 Credit 99
- 1220 rubles. (51,000 rubles - 7,780 rubles - (-14,000 rubles) - 51,000 rubles - 5,000 rubles) - profit from the sale.

Let's sum up.

To calculate income tax, you need to know the purchase price of goods. It can be determined based on the value of the realized trade margin using any of these methods (with the exception of the average percentage method). However, do not forget about possible deviations of the purchase price in accounting and tax accounting. For example, in accounting, interest on a loan is included in the cost of goods. For tax accounting, such interest is included in non-operating expenses.
With the method of determining the margin on the average percentage, the purchase price of the goods sold in accounting may not coincide with the same indicator in tax accounting. This is due to the fact that each group has its own allowance. When calculating the realized margin in accounting, all data are averaged, and in tax accounting, sales revenue is reduced by the cost of purchased goods (Article 268 of the Tax Code). The latter is determined in accordance with the accounting policy.

9.2. Types of profit

Distinguish between accounting profit and net economic profit. Usually under economic profit- refers to the difference between total revenue and external and internal costs.

In this case, the normal profit of the entrepreneur is also included in the number of internal costs. (The normal profit of an entrepreneur is the minimum wage required to retain entrepreneurial talent.)

Profit based on data accounting, represents the difference between income from various activities and external costs.

Currently, five types (stages) of profit are distinguished in accounting: gross profit, profit (loss) from sales, profit (loss) before taxation, profit (loss) from ordinary activities, net profit (retained earnings (loss) of the reporting period) .

Gross profit is defined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of goods, products, works, services (minus VAT, excises and similar obligatory payments) and the cost of goods, products, works and services sold. The proceeds from the sale of goods, products, works and services are called income from ordinary activities. Costs for the production of goods, products, works and services are considered expenses for ordinary activities. Gross profit is calculated by the formula

where BP - sales proceeds;

C - the cost of goods sold, products, works and services.

Profit (loss) from sales represents gross profit less management and selling expenses:

,

where Ru - management costs;

RK - selling expenses.

This is the profit from sales, taking into account other income and expenses, which are divided into operating and non-operating:

where Sodr - operating income and expenses;

Svdr - non-operating income and expenses.

The number of operating income includes receipts associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use of the organization's assets; income related to the granting for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property; income related to participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (including interest and other income from securities); proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), products, goods; interest received for the provision of the organization's funds for use, as well as interest for the bank's use of funds held on the organization's account with this bank.

Operating expenses are expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets; costs associated with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property; expenses associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations; interest paid by the organization for providing it with the use of funds (credits, loans); expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), goods, products; expenses related to payment for services rendered by credit institutions.

Non-operating income is fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts; assets received free of charge, including under a donation agreement; receipts in compensation for losses caused to the organization; profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year; amounts of accounts payable and depositor's debts for which the limitation period has expired; exchange differences; the amount of revaluation of assets (excluding non-current assets).

Non-operating expenses include fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts; compensation for losses caused by the organization; losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year; the amount of receivables for which the limitation period has expired, other debts that are unrealistic to collect; exchange differences; the amount of depreciation of assets (excluding non-current assets).

Rice. 9.1. The relationship of profit indicators

Profit (loss) from ordinary activities can be obtained by deducting from profit before tax the amount of income tax and other similar obligatory payments (the amount of penalties payable to the budget and state off-budget funds):

,

where H is the amount of taxes.

Net profit- this is the profit from ordinary activities, taking into account extraordinary income and expenses (Fig. 9.1):

,

where Cdr - extraordinary income and expenses.

Extraordinary incomes are receipts arising as the consequences of extraordinary circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization, etc.). These include insurance compensation, the cost of material assets remaining from the write-off of assets unsuitable for restoration and further use, etc.

Profit before tax: calculation formula

n. Extraordinary expenses include expenses that arise as a result of extraordinary circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization of property, etc.).

Profit before tax

Profit before tax balance calculation formula

Analysis of profit before tax

Table 2.2.

The table shows that the greatest impact on profit before tax was the profit from sales, it increased profit before tax by 92.89%. A positive balance of non-operating income and expenses also increased profit before tax by 7.67%, and a decrease in the balance of operating income and expenses in the reporting year compared to the previous year reduced profit before tax by 0.56%.

The main source of information for the analysis of profit (loss) of the reporting and previous periods is Form No. 2 "Profit and Loss Statement".

It is advisable to first analyze the structure of proceeds from the sale of goods, products, works, services based on the information in Form No. 2. To do this, it is necessary to introduce additional columns in Form No. 2 that characterize the percentage shares in the reporting and previous periods of the values ​​​​of indicators that form the proceeds from the sale of goods, products, works, services (net of VAT, excises and similar obligatory payments).

Table 2.2

Analysis of profit before taxation, thousand rubles

The table shows that last year for 1 rub. sales revenue accounted for:

58.61 kop. cost;

4.26 kop. business expenses;

16.31 kop. management expenses;

20.82 kop. profit from sales.

In the reporting year, 1 sales revenue accounted for:

51.80 kopecks cost;

3.92 kop. business expenses;

13.74 kop. management expenses;

30.54 kop. profit from sales.

In the reporting year, compared with the previous year, there were changes in the structure of one ruble of sales revenue due to changes in:

Cost of sold goods, products, works, services by -6.81 kopecks;

Commercial expenses by -0.34 kopecks;

Administrative expenses by -2.57 kopecks.

Sales profit +9.72 kop.

Using Table 2.2, we determine the influence of factors on the formation of profit before tax in the reporting and previous periods, as well as the change in the degree of influence of factors in the reporting period compared to the previous one.

In the previous period, the following factors influenced the formation of profit before tax:

Sales profit: 49816/61290 x 100% = + 81.28%

Interest receivable: 84/61290 x 100% = +0.14%

Interest payable: -286/61290 x 100% = -0.47%

Other operating expenses: -6760/61290 x 100% = -11.03%

Other operating income: 19029/61290 x 100% = + 31.05%

Non-operating income: 522/61290 x 100% = 0.85%

Non-operating expenses: - 1115/61290 x 100% = -1.82%

Balance of factors: 81.28 +0.14 - 0.47 - 11.03 + 31.05 + 0.85 - 1.82 = 100%

In the reporting period, the following factors influenced the formation of profit before tax:

Sales profit: 88506/102941 x 100% = + 85.98%

Interest receivable: 140/102941 x 100% = +0.14%

Interest payable: -312/102941 x 100% = -0.30%

Other operating expenses: -7908/102941 x 100% = -7.68%

Other operating income: 19914/102941 x 100% = + 19.35%

Non-operating income: 3840/102941 x 100% = 3.73%

Non-operating expenses: -1239 / 102941 x 100% = -1.20%

Balance of factors: 85.98 + 0.14 - 0.30 - 7.68 + 19.35 + 3.73 -1, 20 = 100%

In the reporting period, compared with the previous one, the following changes occurred in the degree of influence of factors on the formation of profit before tax due to changes:

A) sales profit: 85.98 - 81.28 = + 4.7%

B) interest receivable: 0.14 -0.14 = 0%

C) interest payable: -0.30 - (-0.47) = + 0.17%

D) Other operating expenses: -7.68 - (-11.03) = +3.35%

E) Other operating income: 19.35 - 31.05 = - 11.7%

E) Non-operating income: 3.73 - 0.85 = + 2.88%

G) Non-operating expenses: -1.20 - (-1.82) = + 0.62%

Balance of factors: +4.7 + 0 +0.17 + 3.35 - 11.7 + 2.88 + 0.62 = 0%

Analyzing the influence of factors, we can draw the following conclusions:

1. The greatest influence on the formation of profit before tax in the previous and reporting periods was exerted by profit from sales, and the importance of this factor in the formation of profit before tax increased by 4.7% compared to the previous period.

2. The next most important factor influencing the increase in profit before tax is other operating income, while the importance of this factor in the formation of this profit decreased by 11.7% compared to the previous year.

3. In the previous and reporting periods, the formation of profit before tax was significantly influenced by other operating expenses, but their negative impact in the reporting period decreased. The company needs to conduct a detailed analysis of other operating and non-operating expenses and take measures to reduce them.

4. The positive impact of non-operating income is also noticeable. So, if in the previous period, profit before tax due to this factor increased by 0.85%, then in the reporting period it increased by 3.73%.

In the conditions of market relations, the final financial result of the enterprise's activity is profit. The level of financial stability of the enterprise depends on its size, structure and dynamics. A profit plan as a directive indicator in the market conditions is not established for enterprises. However, in separate tutorials it is recommended to check the validity and tension of the profit plan. It seems that at present the plan should take the form of a short-term forecast and it is more expedient to determine the calculated, projected profit values. But this requires the creation of a sales forecasting system, as well as the establishment of a cost calculation and forecasting system at enterprises, and the use of appropriate forecasting models. To carry out this work, auditors, accountants and economists of the enterprise should involve appropriate specialists in market research and economic and mathematical modeling.

In most enterprises, the most significant component of profit before taxation is, as a rule, profit from the sale of goods, products, works, services. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the methodology of its factor analysis, based on the data presented in the form of table 2.3.

Table 2.3

Initial data for factor analysis of profit before taxation, thousand rubles.

The actual financial result from the sale of goods, products, works, services in the reporting period decreased by 50,191 thousand rubles compared to the estimated value. (98639 - 148830), including by changing:

A) prices for sold goods, products, works, services:

299954 - 269925 \u003d + 30029 thousand rubles.

b) the cost of goods sold, products, works, services:

151590 - 201315 \u003d -49725 thousand rubles.

c) the physical volume of the sale of goods, products, works, services:

118335 - 148830 \u003d - 30495 thousand rubles.

Balance of factors: +30029 - 49725 - 30495 = -50191 thousand rubles.

You can determine the influence of factors in percentage terms:

A) the impact of price changes on sold goods, products, works, services:

30029/ 50191 x 100% = +59.8%

b) the impact of changes in the cost of goods sold, products, works, services:

49725/50191 x 100% = -99.1%

c) the impact of the physical volume of the sale of goods, products, works, services:

- 30495/50191 x 100% = -60.7%

Balance of factors: + 59.8 - 99.1 - 60.7 = -100%

Thus, the increase in prices for sold goods, products, services in comparison with the forecasted (estimated) prices led to an increase in profit from sales by 30,039 thousand rubles, or 59.8%. And the growth in the cost of goods sold, commercial and administrative expenses (see Table 2.2 led to a decrease in sales profit by 49,725 thousand rubles, or by 99.1%. Therefore, the company needs to provide for measures to perform a detailed analysis of all types of expenses and to the basis of this measure to save resources of all kinds.The factor of changes in the physical volume of sales led to a significant decrease in sales profit - by 30,495 thousand rubles, or by 60.7%.

Profit (loss) before tax

The ultimate financial result of the organization's activities is profit or loss. Profit reflects the absolute efficiency of the organization in all areas: production, marketing

supply, financial, investment.

Profit before tax formula

The organization may receive losses, but not systematically. They must be covered from the reserve fund or future profits.

Analysis of financial results, determination of profit (loss) from ordinary activities and other profit (loss) is carried out according to the income statement form No. 2. The usual type of activity is an activity that is fixed by the charter and from which the organization has income in the form of proceeds from the sale (implementation).

Profit (loss) from sales is defined as the difference between sales revenue and total cost, including the cost of goods, products, services sold, as well as selling and administrative expenses.

During the analysis, an interim financial result can be determined in the form gross (marginal) profit (loss). This result is the difference between revenue and only cost of sales. As you can see, the definition of gross profit is associated with the division of costs into variable (cost of sales) and fixed (management and commercial) costs. This division of costs depending on the volume of production is used in the assessment of the break-even production.

Other profit (loss) defined as the difference between other income and expenses. Adding two financial results gives the overall final financial result − profit (loss) of the reporting period before taxation. To it are added and subtracted amounts that reflect the features of tax accounting and the completeness of contributions to the budget of taxes for the previous period: deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities. After these calculations, the organization has taxable income, from which current income tax and other obligatory payments from profit are paid.

The remaining value of the financial result is called net profit (loss) of the reporting period. It is formed taking into account financial results from extraordinary circumstances. Net profit remains at the disposal of the organization and is used by it independently (unless otherwise provided by the charter of the organization). Distribution of profit is carried out on the basis of the organization's financial plan. Here, the source of information besides f. No. 2 is a report on changes in capital f. No. 3. The remainder of subtracting the amount of distribution of net profit is called retained earnings (uncovered loss). Retained earnings characterizes the possibility of increasing the property of shareholders (shareholders), the growth of the organization's own capital.

Financial results are analyzed horizontally and vertically for one or a number of reporting periods.

Questions for self-study

1. What is the importance of analyzing financial results in market conditions?

2. Name the types of financial results.

3. How is the financial result from ordinary activities determined?

4. What is gross (marginal) profit (loss)?

6. How is taxable income formed?

7. How is net profit (loss) formed?

8. Name the ways of distribution of net profit.

9. What is retained earnings (uncovered loss) and what
opportunities does she (he) give the organization?

10. What is break-even production and how is the point without
unprofitability?

One of the indicators characterizing the result of the financial and economic activities of the organization is profit (loss) before taxation.

Profit before tax is the positive financial result of the company's activities (the difference between income received and expenses) before the deduction of the corresponding tax.

Loss before tax

The excess of expenses over the income of the organization for a certain period of time indicates unprofitable activities of the organization.

How to calculate profit (loss) before tax

The formula for calculating profit (loss) before tax can be found in.

Profit (loss) before tax: accounting account

To reflect information on the financial result of the organization's activities in the Chart of Accounts (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2000 N 94n), account 99 "Profits and losses" is allocated.

The difference between the total debit turnover and the total credit turnover on account 99 in correspondence with accounts 90 "Sales", subaccount "Profit / loss on sales" and 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount "Balance of other income and expenses", will show, received whether the organization profit before tax or loss: the credit balance on account 99 indicates a profit, debit - loss.

Reflection of profit (loss) in the Statement of financial results

The positive or negative financial result obtained before taxation is reflected in line 2300 “Profit (loss) before taxation” of the Statement of Financial Results (

All commercial organizations seek to maximize profits, since it is precisely its value that determines how effective and successful the company's policy is. Profit before tax is exactly the indicator, the calculation of which is necessary to assess the real result of economic activity.

We will discuss what profit before tax is and in which accounting documents it is present, and also consider the formula for calculating it and a good example.

Profit before tax is...

The phrase speaks for itself: profit is the cumulative positive result of the company's activities; before tax - until the moment of payment of income tax. The point is that you need to determine the figure by which income exceeds expenses excluding tax. Although, of course, no one is immune from the occurrence of a situation where there is no profit, but there is a loss (of course, its value should also be clarified).

The calculation of profit (loss) before tax is needed for several important reasons:

• Any organization needs to calculate the amount of net profit in order to distribute it among the participants, if necessary, and this is not feasible without calculating the indicator in question.
• Profit before tax allows you to determine the tax base and calculate the tax that needs to be paid. Of course, today any company can easily find out everything about its debts (for example, it is carried out on several Internet portals), but you should not bring it to this.
• If a company has suffered misfortune in the form of a loss, then it is important to know the amount of compensation.
• Rationalization, that is, a smooth decrease in future costs, is possible only if the company has the opportunity to fully evaluate the results of its economic activities.
• Based on the calculated profit before tax, sales can subsequently be determined, which is sometimes called an indicator of the organization's pricing policy, as it shows the effectiveness of the work.
• The indicator is often used to calculate various ratios that illustrate the state of affairs of the company.

Important: accounting for profit before tax is mandatory reflected in the accounting documents of the company, namely in the Statement of Financial Results. If a positive calculation result is obtained, then the amount is profit; when the figure is negative, the company faced a loss, which is indicated in the report in parentheses (-). Proper execution and reporting allows the company, although for a start the accountant of the enterprise should be well understood.

Profit before tax formula

The formula for calculating profit before tax looks rather cumbersome, so it is best to present the process of calculating the indicator in the form of several stages.

Calculation of gross profit or loss

Gross profit (loss) is the difference between the revenue that the company received and the cost of goods sold (or services rendered).

It must be borne in mind that the cost of goods sold for trade and manufacturing enterprises is calculated differently. For example, wages of employees can be classified as both direct and indirect costs. Usually, the company's accounting policy clearly defines how the cost is calculated.

The formula for calculating gross profit is as follows:

Important: It is worth remembering that the result can be both positive (profit) and negative (loss).

Calculating sales profit (or loss)

In terms of the terminology used in the Statement of Financial Performance, sales profit is practically equivalent to operating profit and is the difference between gross profit and operating expenses (sales and administrative expenses).

The formula for calculating profit (loss on sales):

Important: when the company has received a gross loss, the calculated value of losses is substituted in the presented formula with a minus sign. Also, we must not forget that the negative result of the calculation of profit from sales is reflected in parentheses.

Calculation of profit before tax (or loss)

The final touch - the definition of directly profit before tax is as follows:

Important: as in the previous case, if the company received a loss on sales, then its amount is entered into the formula with a minus sign. When the result of calculating profit (loss) before tax becomes a negative value, this indicates unprofitable and ill-conceived economic activities of the organization. The loss in the accounting report is written in brackets.

Since the indicator in question is present in the Statement of Financial Results () - let's present the formula in a different form, based on the line codes in the document:

Profit before tax (line 2300)= Profit (loss) from sales (line 2200) + Income from participation in other organizations (line 2310) + Interest receivable (line 2320) - Interest payable (line 2330) + Other income (line 2340) - Other expenses (2350) ).

Often the question arises - what applies to other income and expenses? In fact, there is no definite answer, since each organization indicates these points in its accounting policy in accordance with existing legislation. For example, let's discuss. If a company owns land, it must pay tax. How to account for such an expense? You should be guided by PBU 1/2008, which clearly states: the organization has the right to independently decide, based on its specifics and focus, where to attribute the amount of land tax paid. Some consider it in other expenses, while others - in the costs of ordinary activities.

Important: when determining the income and expenses required for the formula, one should refer to the legislation - PBU 9/99 “Income of the organization” and PBU 10/99 “Expenses of the organization”.

Example of calculating profit before tax

For clarity, let's consider an example - below is a fragment of the Statement of Financial Results:

The report shows the calculations made:

• Gross profit= 151033 - 142197 = 8836 thousand rubles.
• Revenue from sales= 8836 - 5826 - 1585 = 1425 thousand rubles.
• Profit before tax= 1425 +18 + 20 - 6 + 219 - 195 = 1481 thousand rubles.

Advice: if the profit does not please you, then it is worth doing financial analysis - calculate, turnover, liquidity, etc. This will allow you to draw conclusions about the state of affairs, on the basis of which you can develop a new strategy aimed at increasing sales and increasing profits.

Summing up

The calculation of profit before tax usually does not bring any special difficulties to accountants if the accounting policy of the enterprise clearly defines what is included in the cost of products or services and which items are included in other income and expenses.

The indicator under discussion allows you to further calculate the amount of income tax, however, you need to understand that tax and accounting are different, so there are situations when you cannot simply multiply profit before tax by the tax rate to get the payment amount. In this case, you need to refer to PBU 18/02 “Accounting for income tax settlements”.

Profit before tax is the most important indicator of the economic efficiency of an individual entrepreneur or legal entity. Such indicators are calculated for each reporting period and reflected in accounting documents.

The higher the profit, the more efficient the company is, but in the first months of the start of operations, it is quite normal for expenses to exceed income. In order to launch a startup and make a profit, study different ones, conduct a competitive analysis.

Types of profit and features of the calculation of these tax indicators

In order to correctly calculate the amount of deductions that need to be paid to the budget, it is necessary to understand the concept of profit. There are accounting and net economic profit (not to be confused with income!).

The main types of profit that are used in accounting:

• Gross profit. This indicator is also called income from ordinary activities. It is calculated by subtracting the cost from the sales proceeds. The cost price (expenses from ordinary activities) includes materials, wages and other costs for the production of goods or services.
• Profit (loss) from sales. To obtain this indicator, all selling and administrative expenses are subtracted from gross profit.
• Profit (loss) before tax. This figure includes all operating and non-operating income. Operating income comes from sales, from receipts for the use of assets or intellectual property of the company, from interest on the use of the company's funds (in banks or as loans to other legal entities), etc. Non-operating income is assets received free of charge; profit of previous years, revealed in the current year; fines and penalties received under contracts; exchange differences; amounts of accounts payable, etc.
• Profit (loss) from ordinary activities. This calculation is carried out by deducting all taxes, fines and penalties from profit before tax.
• Net profit. It is calculated as the difference between profit and the amount of extraordinary income (or expenses). Extraordinary income includes insurance payments for compensation for losses from natural disasters, fires, accidents and catastrophes; the value of tangible assets that remained during the write-off of assets unsuitable for further use and recovery.

What should be taken into account when calculating profit before tax?

Incorrect calculation of profit before tax leads not only to losses and sanctions from tax authorities for submitted reports with inaccurate data. Understanding which activity or group of goods is profitable and which is not, makes it possible to make effective management decisions, reduce unprofitable (unprofitable) positions and redirect released income to promising activities.

Many individual entrepreneurs who work without a qualified accountant cannot correctly calculate the cost and, accordingly, the optimal profitability (percentage of income) - when forming the cost of the product, which should cover all costs and include the planned profit.

The main cost items for the production of goods, components, equipment:

• the cost of raw materials, materials, components, semi-finished products used in the production of this product;
• wages of employees, social contributions to the Pension Fund, Social Insurance Fund, other mandatory social fees;
• depreciation (wear and tear) of equipment, special vehicles involved in the production of goods and fixed on the balance sheet of the enterprise;
• overhead costs;
• general running costs;
• other production expenses;
• business expenses;
• utility bills, rent of premises and warehouses;
• other costs.

When calculating profit before tax, be guided by the regulatory legal documentation of the Russian Federation - PBU (Regulations on Accounting approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation) No. 9/99 "Income of the organization", PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization", Ch. 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, etc. When writing off losses, calculating the amount of income tax, the accountant has the right to write off the resulting loss (deduct it from income) or distribute it, transferring part to the future. The deferred tax asset is also recognized in the accounting entries.

Advice: when pricing a product, it is necessary to take into account not only the cost, but also the planned profit in the amount of the average market margin (depending on the novelty of the goods and the level of competition, this figure can be 5-50%). If you have raised interest-bearing loans for a startup, you need the percentage of return to be higher than this indicator.

How to pay income tax and for what period do I need to submit reports?

Income tax is paid in the form of advance payments. When forming the amount of this payment, the accountant focuses on the indicators of revenue from sales in the previous period. The procedure for paying advance payments is determined by the amount of total revenue - if the revenue does not exceed 60 million rubles, the company is obliged to pay 1 time per quarter, if it exceeds 60 million rubles - you need to pay 1 time per quarter or 1 time per month (when paying an advance payment, calculated from the actual profit, it is necessary to submit a declaration monthly).

For filing different reports, a different one is defined. Such periods include a period of time in which the facts of the enterprise's operating activities that occurred at that time and are recorded in the accounting reports are reflected.

Different types of reports have different time frames:

• The main reporting period is equal to the calendar year (begins on January 1, ends on December 31), the intermediate one is a quarter, a month. The enterprise submits financial statements for the period from January 1 to December 31, excluding cases of reorganization or liquidation of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur.
• The fiscal year is also equal to the duration of the calendar year, but can be started at any time.
• Income tax reporting is submitted every quarter (3 months). For taxpayers who calculate the monthly payment taking into account the actual profit received, the reporting period is equal to one month.
• Personal income tax reporting is submitted 1 time per quarter and then for 1 year. calculated for each employee of the enterprise, taking into account his personal circumstances and rights to benefits. To find out and file reports, take into account the normative indicators of tax deductions specified in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.