Pressed rapeseed. Rapeseed: types and technology of cultivation
- an annual from the cruciferous family, an agricultural crop that has been cultivated for more than six thousand years.
Soil preparation and fertilization for rapeseed
Rapeseed grows well on chernozems with a slightly acidic reaction. The soil in the plots must be well cleaned of weeds, since at the stage of development the seedlings are oppressed under the influence of weeds. On heavy soils, deep plowing is used, due to the turnover of a large layer, too dense soil is loosened, small clods are broken and the soil is saturated with oxygen. This method promotes the development of the plant's root system, levels the soil surface for seeds. For winter rapeseed, even soil with small lumps is important; for this, after deep plowing, the soil is well leveled with a cultivator to the depth of sowing seeds.
Important! These activities should be carried out as soon as possible so that the soil does not dry out.
Up to thirty percent of the nutrients rapeseed absorbs from the soil, the rest of the nutrition must be provided. application of mineral and organic fertilizers. It is good if organic matter was introduced under the previous culture. For the qualitative development of seedlings and high yields of rapeseed, nitrogen. With help phosphorus rosettes of the plant are laid, as well as the root system. Potassium compounds improve synthesis in rapeseed tissues, increase resistance to cold.
Preparing seeds for sowing
Rape seeds do not need a long maturation after harvesting, it is enough to clean and dry them. Two weeks before sowing, seeds are treated with Royalflo (30 liters per ton of seeds).
Seeds suitable for planting should have the following qualities:
- weight of 1000 seeds from 3 to 7 g;
- purity 96-98%;
- germination up to 96%;
- humidity is not higher than 12%.
Did you know? Rape has been known and used since 4000 BC. Scientists argue about its origin, since rapeseed does not grow in the wild.
Planting and caring for rapeseed
Rapeseed after successful planting, pre-sowing cleaning and soil fertilization also needs careful care. Fertilizers are no less important during the growth of seedlings: these are elements such as sulfur, magnesium, boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper, zinc and cobalt. With a lack of boron, for example, the stem of the plant thickens, and flowering is delayed, and without sulfur, the pods may not even begin to form. Therefore, in the process of care, the missing substances are introduced in the form of dressings.
Winter rapeseed
The optimal time for sowing seeds of winter rape is at the end of August. By winter, the plant has a height of up to 25 cm and about eight leaves. Such a sprout is able to overwinter without consequences. Winter rapeseed grows well on fertilized loam or sandy loam soils. Too acidic soils do not suit him, as well as stagnant moisture. You can prepare the site using a cultivator or Fokin flat cutter. Seed calculation: 200 g per 100 sq. m. The sowing depth is about 3 cm, between the rows - 30 cm.
Spring rapeseed
Soil temperature determines when to sow rapeseed in spring. At the planting depth, the soil should have a temperature of -5 to -7°C. Under such conditions, crops are not attacked by pests and can compete with weeds. Usually spring rapeseed is sown in early spring. With the row sowing method, the depth is 2 cm, the width between the rows is 15 cm. In the future, the density of the plant is 120 pieces per square meter.
Weed, pest and disease control
When rapeseed is planted, the soil must be cleared of weeds, but it is not a fact that there are no seeds of the latter left, and they will not germinate along with rapeseed seedlings. The following drugs are used against the appearance of weeds: Butizan, Fusilade and Lontrel (helps with the dominance of sow thistle and bedstraw).
The most terrible pests for rapeseed are the cruciferous flea and the rapeseed flower beetle. In the fight against these insects, the preparations "Alpha", "Decis" and "Fastak" help. During the period of growth and development, the plant is susceptible to fungal diseases, such as alternariosis, peronosporosis, sclerotinia. In this case, you need to spray the plantings with fungicide solutions.
Optimum harvesting time for rapeseed
Harvesting rapeseed has its own nuances: since it blooms unevenly, it ripens at different times.
Winter rapeseed
Due to uneven ripening, there is a chance of losing some of the crop, as the ripe pods begin to crack. Rapeseed is harvested by direct combining (in small areas of non-industrial significance, Fokin's flat cutter is used). Harvesting begins at full ripeness, seed moisture should be from 9 to 12%. Lower values increase losses. On weedy crops with a strong difference in maturation, separate harvesting is used. Seed moisture should be between 35 and 45%, the pods are yellow-green in color.
spring rapeseed
Harvesting spring rapeseed is almost the same as harvesting winter rapeseed. With a strong clogging of rapeseed fields with chamomile or bedstraw, plantings are sprayed with desiccants. Spraying is carried out at the beginning of maturation ("Basta") or at full maturation ("Reglon"). A week after the procedure, you can start cleaning. The moisture content of the seeds should be up to 20%.
Attention! It is advisable to harvest with a high cut 5 cm below the lowest pod. The seeds get less moisture from the straw.
The influence of rapeseed on the soil
There is an opinion that rapeseed kills the soil. This is wrong. Benefits of sowing rapeseed:
- clears the field quickly
- improves soil composition, reduces the risk of water and wind erosion, reduces weediness in fields,
This plant improves soil structure: The root system of rapeseed deeply loosens the soil, absorbs nitrates and improves crop rotation productivity. The winter variety after harvesting leaves organic residues in the soil, fertilizing it. Rape destroys rot in the soil that affects the roots of plants. The plant is an ideal predecessor for cereal crops, the yield of which increases without much cost.
Rape seed storage
After harvesting, rape seeds need to be cleaned and dried. The oil content of rapeseed also has an impact on storage. For normal storage, it is necessary to dry up to 8-9% humidity. Seeds are cleaned from various green residues in special sieves. To make the sieve less clogged, it is better to use a design with slots rather than round holes. Reduce humidity with thermal dryers or fans.
The higher the moisture content of the seeds, the higher the drying temperature. At a humidity of 12%, the temperature should be up to 65 ° C. After drying, the seeds must be refrigerated for long-term storage. In farms that do not have dryers and powerful ventilation systems, the seeds are dried on large areas. Do this in sunny weather, scattering the seeds with a layer no thicker than five centimeters. Seeds need to be turned frequently. Seeds should be stored in a dry, ventilated area at temperatures below 5°C.
The use of rapeseed in various fields
Rapeseed oil is used in a wide variety of areas of our lives. It is used in the printing industry, in the leather and textile industries, in the chemical, fuel and agricultural industries.
Rapeseed oil - benefits and harms
Rapeseed oil is similar in composition to olive oil. It contains monounsaturated fats necessary for the human body, Omega 3, 6, 9 acids. The oil is rich in vitamin E and linoleic acid. Omega acids prevent the thinning of the walls of blood vessels, prevent the occurrence of blood clots, and reduce the content of cholesterol plaques. These same acids and linoleic acid stimulate cardiac activity.
Vitamin E activates the immune system, strengthens the protective functions of the body. The use of rapeseed oil in food helps the gastrointestinal tract. The beneficial properties of rapeseed are especially valuable for women. The oil contains the hormone estradiol, which corresponds to the female hormone. It significantly reduces the risk of breast cancer, increases reproductive function in women.
A serious disadvantage is the presence of erucic acid in the oil. But in our time, the oil that is produced for food purposes does not contain a large amount of this substance. It is undesirable to use rapeseed oil for people suffering from hepatitis, individual intolerance to the product is also possible.
In cosmetology
Rapeseed in cosmetology is used for skin care and in the elimination of dermatological problems. If you add oil to a hair care product, they will become lush, shiny, strong, damaged areas of the hair will be restored, brittleness will disappear.
Rapeseed and its photo you will find in our article. Many people have seen rapeseed many times, but they didn’t even think that it was him, of course this culture is very common, and the rapeseed fields look very beautiful, today we will talk about it, and also see a beautiful selection of photos.
Rape belongs to the genus Cabbage, cruciferous family. This plant is very important for industry, not only agricultural but for the whole as a whole, biofuel is made from rapeseed. No wonder this culture is very widespread. Before the beginning of the industrial era, this crop is not very well known and it is grown very rarely.
An interesting fact is that rapeseed is not found in the wild, and its origin remains a mystery, this culture was known as early as 4 thousand years BC. Scientists suggest that rapeseed was bred by crossing rapeseed with ordinary cabbage. Her homeland, as it is considered, is the Mediterranean, although this fact is actively disputed and put forward their theories of its origin in the countries of northwestern Europe. In Eastern Europe and Russia, rapeseed came already in the 19th century.
Canola oil photo 
Canola fuel photo, rapeseed is poured into a fuel tank photo Rape, especially in the first months, is very vulnerable to various pests and diseases, and weeds can spoil your life and the crop you grow, rapeseed is no exception.
Photo of rape seeds
When to sow rapeseed?
Although rapeseed is mostly known for its fuel, it is not the only area in which it is used.
Rape is used:
- in the cosmetology field.
- Used as a base for detergents.
- For the preparation of edible vegetable oil.
- Forage preparation.
At the end of summer, winter rapeseed begins to be sown. Sow it in rows, the distance between rows should reach up to half a meter. Winter rapeseed that will sprout in the spring will withstand frosts down to minus four degrees. Winter rapeseed is used as green fodder and is one of the best forages you can get, but again, this kind of rapeseed should only be planted in areas with mild climates and mild winters.
Ardent rapeseed is planted in the spring, along with other spring cereals, and at the end of July it is harvested from the fields. Such rapeseed is already grown in areas with a colder climate, in northern Europe and Siberia.
For the first time, rapeseed is cut before it begins to bloom. Rape responds very well to organic and mineral fertilizers.
Rapeseed photo, photo of rapeseed fields
Photos of rapeseed are very beautiful, these fields make a pleasant impression, but not everyone will like the specific smell from them, also the soil does not really like rapeseed, and it needs to be given a break between seasons. That's all, stay with our site, we still have a lot of interesting things.
Rape is the plant of the future. This ancient cultivated plant has long been in oblivion. However, since the end of the 20th century, interest in rapeseed has increased dramatically, and today this plant is already among the strategically important plants of the future.
The main rapeseed growing regions are Asia, Europe and North America. It is also grown in Russia, New Zealand, North Africa, South America. The geography of cultivation of this plant is increasing every year.
ancient cultivated plant
It is believed that rapeseed is one of the first plants cultivated by man and was cultivated more than 4 - 6 thousand years ago. Determining the time of cultivation of rapeseed is quite difficult, due to the constant mixing with other plants of the cruciferous family. In addition, historically, the word “rapeseed” was also used to name many plants, such as rapeseed, mustard and other ancient oilseeds from the cabbage family.
In Europe, rape was a particularly popular crop from the Middle Ages until the middle of the 19th century. Rapeseed oil has been used for nutrition, for lighting homes and as a lubricant.
Later, with the advent of petroleum products and the expansion of the variety of food products, the plant was less popular for a long time.
plant of unknown origin
The origin of rapeseed is not known. There is an assumption that rapeseed originated from the crossing of field cabbage and colza (Brassica campestris) with garden cabbage (Brassica oleracea).
There is no consensus about the place of origin of rapeseed. The birthplace of rapeseed is considered to be Europe and the Mediterranean, from where the plant could be brought by European colonialists to India and China. However, some scientists believe that rapeseed appeared in India much earlier. It is believed that rapeseed was cultivated in India as early as 4 thousand years ago.
It is also impossible to determine the homeland of rapeseed, because wild rapeseed is unknown. Today, in many countries, cultivated rapeseed is sometimes found in a wild state. The plant has very small seeds that are dispersed by wind and during transportation. So in Denmark, rapeseed often sprouts along the roads.
Botanical characteristic
Rapeseed flowers are bright yellow. The inflorescence is a long loose raceme, consisting of 25-30 buds, blooming from top to bottom within a month. Photo 28 Apr. 2019, Aarhus, Jelshøj , Denmark
The rapeseed season is approaching. Rapeseed fruits are narrow pods, inside which are small round seeds rich in oil. Photo July 22, 2017, Odder, Denmark
Up to 30 seeds are placed in a pod of rapeseed. Rape seeds are spherical, hard, dark brown small balls with a diameter of 1-2 mm. Photo 30 Sept. 2017, seeds collected in a field near Odder, Denmark
Rape - 2 crops per year
Rapeseed can be harvested in summer and autumn, i.е. there are winter and spring cultivations of rapeseed forms.
The plant overwinters in mild winters without sudden temperature changes. In Denmark, winters are quite mild, so winter rapeseed is preferred here.
Winter rapeseed has a higher yield and contains more oil than spring rapeseed. However, winter rapeseed is very demanding on the climate in winter. Therefore, in countries with a continental climate (as in many regions of Russia, in Belarus, Kazakhstan, China), the cultivation of winter rapeseed is quite risky. In these countries, spring rapeseed is commonly grown.
In the month of May, Denmark is covered with bright yellow carpets of blooming rapeseed. This is an amazing sight. Photo May 25, 2017, Billund, Denmark
On the way from Lego Land, we stopped near a rapeseed field to enjoy the sight. Photo May 25, 2017, Billund, Denmark
Rapeseed in Denmark
Danish rapeseed is the main oilseed crop. Due to the lack of heat in summer, soybeans and sunflowers are not grown here. Preference is given to rapeseed, which is less demanding on heat and prefers moisture. And the climate in Denmark is not particularly warm and it rains often. The long daylight period in summer also favors the cultivation of rapeseed in Denmark.
Especially recently, the production of rapeseed has increased dramatically in the country. According to official statistics from Danmarks Statistik, from 2014 to 2015, rapeseed cultivation in Denmark increased by 16%. Rape was ranked 3rd after other major crops such as winter wheat and spring barley. the profitability of rapeseed, which is determined by increased demand and high yields (especially new varieties).
Rape is the plant of the future. Yields per year for various oilseeds (tons/ha): oil palm, rapeseed, sunflower, soybeans (from right to left). Photo from the exhibition in the botanical garden of Aarhus, Denmark. Photo May 10, 2017
Rapeseed oil - a feature
Rapeseed oil contains polyunsaturated acids physiologically important for the body, antioxidants (vitamin E), vitamins A, D, F and B, carotenoids, microelements, which makes the oil valuable for nutrition. However, traditional varieties of rapeseed also contain some substances (erucic acid and sulfur-containing organic compounds) that can have negative health effects. That is why, until recently, rapeseed oil was not particularly valued as an edible oil, but was used mainly for technical purposes.
In the middle of the last century, a lot of breeding work was carried out and new varieties were obtained with the absence of harmful substances. In the 80s of the last century, a new era began in the history of rapeseed. Oil from new varieties of rapeseed (colza) was found to be harmless and approved for use in nutrition. The improvement in the quality of rapeseed oil has caused a significant increase in demand for rapeseed. This oil began to appear more and more often in stores in the northern countries of Europe and Canada.
Denmark traditionally exports seeds for agriculture. Recently, the main demand is non-eruk varieties of food rapeseed (colza).
Rapeseed oil - northern olive oil
Today, rapeseed oil (colza) has become the most common vegetable oil and is sold everywhere. Rapeseed oil is increasingly being used in the food industry. Most often, edible refined oil is found on sale. This oil is similar in color and taste to sunflower oil. The price of rapeseed oil and sunflower oil are also in the same range, at least in Denmark (10 - 11 crowns per 1 liter).
70 million liters of refined oil is today consumed in Denmark. The oil is used for frying, making margarine, mayonnaise, in baking and confectionery industries.
Recently, unrefined rapeseed oil, obtained by cold pressing, has increasingly begun to appear on sale. This amber-yellow oil has a special aroma and taste. Unrefined oilmore suitable for dressing salads and cold dishes (unrefined oil is not recommended to be heated). This oil has not yet outweighed the demand for olive oil from the Danes, although it tastes and smells very much like olive oil.
In order to attract Danish interest in refined oil, a research project was carried out in Denmark to increase the demand for oil. The project involved chefs and celebrities who introduced the Danes to new ways of using oil in cooking and convinced the usefulness of rapeseed oil, which today in Denmark is called northern olive oil.
Celebrated Danish chef Claus Meyer uses rapeseed oil to cook food at a food fair. Photo 26 Aug. 2007, Aarhus Arena, Denmark
 |
Rapeseed oil in its properties approaches olive oil, it is transparent, does not deteriorate in the air for a long time, does not go rancid. |
Rapeseed - the plant of the future
The plant is beneficial in many respects, so it is safe to say that rapeseed is the plant of the future.
This plant is practically wasteless. Cake after pressing the oil, are used as animal feed in livestock farms. The green plants themselves can also be used as fodder crops for livestock.
In addition, rapeseed is a green fertilizer that enriches the soil with nitrogen and improves soil structure.
Food-grade rapeseed oil, in addition to cooking, is used in cosmetology and medicine. Technical / non-edible rapeseed oil is also widely used: as lubricants in metallurgy, in the textile industry, in the production of soap.
A mini-greenhouse near the “House of the Future” (Dome of Vision in Aarhus), rapeseed grows in the mini-greenhouse - the plant of the future. Photo May 14, 2017, the harbor of Aarhus, Denmark
Recently, due to rising fossil fuel price trends and environmental concerns, there has been an increase in the demand for rapeseed for the production of liquid fuel - biodiesel.
In Denmark, companies have already appeared that sell special heating systems based on biodiesel from rapeseed oil. And biodiesel is called the fuel of the future.
Rapeseed is a crop widely used in agriculture. It is curious that the plant is not found anywhere in the wild, although it has been known to people for a very long time.
In the scientific world, there is an assumption that rape originated from the crossing of winter rapeseed and garden cabbage. Where this happened is unknown, and disputes among botanists regarding the supposed place of origin of rapeseed continue.
This plant from the Cabbage family is used in three main areas: fodder, food and technical. Rape has a developed root system and has the ability to improve the quality and structure of the soil, increase its fertility. Therefore, rapeseed is often used as green manure in the fields and on private farms.
Sideral properties of rapeseed
The ability of rapeseed to rapidly grow a huge amount of green mass in cold spring and autumn periods is highly valued. The biomass of rapeseed, easily decomposed, becomes a valuable easily digestible fertilizer, enriching the soil with phosphorus, sulfur, organic matter, and humus. It is inferior to bean green manure only in terms of nitrogen content.
Rapeseed, like green manure, can compete even with manure in its nutritional capacity. Due to the high content of essential oils, it heals the soil and protects various crops from pests and pathogens. In addition, rapeseed - like green manure - successfully suppresses the growth of weeds, so it is often planted in the aisles of perennial fruit and berry crops, in particular strawberries. Solid crops contribute to the binding of nitrates and reduce their leaching into groundwater.
There are spring and winter forms of the plant, which can sometimes move from one to another. Winter rapeseed is more productive than spring rapeseed, so it is more profitable to cultivate it.
Winter rapeseed
As green manure, the winter form is a precursor for seedlings such as tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, peppers and others, with the exception of cabbage and other cruciferous plants, as well as clover. Note that rapeseed should not be sown after these plants.
This is due to the fact that they have common diseases and are attacked by the same pests. In addition, rapeseed as green manure cannot be used in areas where it is expected because it is a distributor of nematodes that infect potatoes and cereals, but it gives a tangible increase in yield.
The cultivation of winter rapeseed is recommended in areas where medium and heavy mechanically contain sufficient humus for this crop. Chernozems or fertilized sandy and loamy soils with a neutral reaction are considered the most suitable.
Sowing of winter rapeseed is carried out towards the end of August after the main crops, but not later, otherwise some of the seedlings may freeze. Before winter, the plant should reach 25 cm in height and have at least 6-8 leaves. Shoots appear in 4-5 days. Rapeseed is quite frost-resistant, photophilous and does not tolerate darkening, loves moisture, but is afraid of waterlogging.
Spring rapeseed
There are quite a lot of requirements for the technology of growing winter rapeseed, which must be met in order to fully realize the potential of crop productivity. In this sense, spring rapeseed is less demanding.
Siderat is sown starting from the end of March. However, the sowing time in the spring must be chosen so that the seedlings do not freeze during cold snaps. If there is enough moisture in the soil, rapeseed can be sown several times during the summer, this contributes to the rational use of green mass and lengthening the duration of the green conveyor.
Within a month and a half, rapeseed grows up to 30 cm and blooms, after which it is mowed down and the land is cultivated. After that, the sowing is repeated. Using rapeseed as green manure, you need to observe crop rotation - alternate sowing with other green manure plants. It can be returned to its original place no earlier than after 4 years.
The sown areas of rapeseed are increasing year by year. This is due to the high profitability and economic profitability of the culture.
Foreword
Troubles overcome summer residents from early spring - the buds on the trees have not yet had time to wake up, and the weeds are already in a hurry to occupy the free territory in the garden. Other tasks are added to the fight against weeds - what fertilizers to use, how to get rid of diseases? Rapeseed is useful to you both as a fertilizer for the garden and as a means of improving the soil.
Necessary tools and materials
SandWhy rapeseed - three solutions in one bottle
No one will doubt the need to fertilize the soil in the garden. Here are just the fertilizer methods everyone used to use their own. Someone is looking for manure or litter from private farms, someone is buying mineral fertilizers, but we will consider the use of green manure - plants that improve the structure of the soil and saturate it with everything necessary.
The first problem that the use of green manure, in particular, rapeseed, solves is saving time and energy during the garden. Compare for yourself, which is easier - to walk around the garden with a pack of seeds, or to bring and scatter manure around the site? The second problem is financial. The consumption of rapeseed seeds is very small, and they are inexpensive. What can not be said about good manure or droppings.
The third problem is the destruction of diseases. It is quite difficult to observe a crop rotation on several acres, and summer residents often have to sacrifice this condition. Sowing cruciferous green manure crops, which include rapeseed, was used in ancient agriculture, including as phytosanitary - plants that increased soil fertility and destroyed diseases characteristic of certain crops.
More about rapeseed - the advantages of green manure
Rapeseed grows up to one and a half meters high. It is well known to many for its characteristic bright yellow fields, which take on such a beautiful appearance during the flowering of rapeseed. This crop is quite demanding on heat, so it is worth sowing it if you have harvested early and freed the land. Rapeseed is a well-known honey crop, however, in fairness it should be noted that honey from rapeseed pollen can hardly be classified as tasty and healthy. In addition, green mass is well eaten by animals, and some varieties of rapeseed are similar to fodder cabbage.
For sowing one hundred square meters, you will need only 200 grams of seeds. It is possible to sow the crop more densely if part of the mass goes to animal feed. It all depends on the time of sowing - in May, for example, there is enough green grass, but in September there is much less greenery, so more rapeseed should be sown. Rapeseed is best harvested during the summer months.
In fact, rapeseed as a fertilizer for the garden can be sown several times per season or as it is harvested.
Rapeseed begins to bloom a month and a half after germination. Plants that bloom are able to withstand severe frosts down to -10 ° C. The green mass, mowed and sent to the soil, contains the same amount of minerals as the mullein: 0.6% potassium, 0.25% phosphorus and most of all (0.5%) nitrogen. If you count on the mass, which correspond to the green mass grown on a hundred squares, it turns out: up to 5 kg of ammonium nitrate, up to 4 kg of superphosphate and up to 5 kg of potassium salt.
However, the green mass affects the soil much better - embedded in the soil, it improves its acid balance, acting by analogy with lime, since the cell sap of the plant has an alkaline content. The underground part of plants perfectly absorbs nitrogen from the air, dissolves the mineral constituents of the soil and converts all microelements into a form available for subsequent crops. Decaying, the green mass inhibits the development of weeds, and on a rich substrate, beneficial saprophytic microflora rapidly develops, which quickly crowds out harmful pathogens.
Rapeseed as a fertilizer for the garden - technical nuances
As already mentioned, rapeseed can be sown from early spring to late autumn. For convenience, the required amount of seeds is mixed with sand in a ratio of 1 to 50, then scattered over the site and raked in with a harrow. It is enough to cover the seeds by 2-3 cm. If the soil is poor, or you are greening for the first time, you can feed the plants with nitrogen fertilizers. Green manure is not particularly demanding on the type of soil.
